Physical Therapy Management and Patient Outcomes following ICU-Acquired Weakness: A Case Series
Neurol Phys Ther. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Sep 1.
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PMCID: PMC3178045
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Introduction
Patients with critical illness often experience multi-organ dysfunction or failure, with the respiratory, renal, and cardiovascular systems affected most frequently. Because damage to these systems can be acutely life threatening, initial medical management has focused on stabilizing and remediating these body systems. To effectively manage critically ill patients, mechanical ventilation, vasopressive agents, and hemodialysis are frequently utilized. These interventions may limit patients' mobility and therefore their function. Impairments of the neuromuscular system can occur resulting in an under-recognized syndrome referred to as ICU-acquired weakness.1,2 Early detection and physical intervention may reduce the long-term consequences of ICU-acquired weakness with respect to activities and participation. 3-6
In survivors of critical illness, impairments of body systems other than the neuromuscular system typically improve prior to hospital discharge and approach predicted values by 6 months.7,8 In contrast, neuromuscular recovery takes longer and may be incomplete, even up to five years after hospitalization.7,9-12 Therefore, therapies are needed that can reduce the functional impact of neuromuscular morbidity.13 Physical interventions may be important in two ways: first through remediation of neuromuscular impairments during the recovery process and second, by reducing sequelae associated with deconditioning.
Three studies have reported the safety and feasibility of early mobility and physical therapy (PT) treatment of critically ill patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV).4,5,14 Bailey et al14 demonstrated feasibility of a protocol for treatment of patients in a respiratory ICU, including aggressive mobilization twice daily. These investigators conducted 1,449 sessions with 103 patients with fewer than 1% activity-related adverse events. Morris et al4 reported on patients who were enrolled within 48 hours of MV. These authors compared a protocol of PT 7 days per week versus standard of care (characterized as PROM and positioning initiated by nursing staff with a physical therapist consult as appropriate). Compared with the standard of care group, participants in the experimental protocol group were out of bed earlier, had more frequent physical therapy, and had similar complication rates. Schweickert et al5 compared a protocol consisting of early physical and/or occupational therapy plus early sedation withdrawal to standard of care for that facility. Physical therapy standard of care in the two participating facilities consisted of a physical therapist consult when the patient was deemed medically stable by the physician. Typically, this occurred after two weeks on MV. Significantly more of the participants in the experimental group returned to independent function compared with the control group (59% versus 35%; p = 0.02). Findings from all three studies support the benefits and safety of early physical intervention with critically ill individuals. However, these studies included individuals with a variety of diagnoses and time on MV, utilized different intervention approaches, and included a variety of outcome measures, some of which focused primarily on disease process and others on function;4,5,14 none of these studies fully described the PT protocols and the patients' functional outcomes. Hence, the available evidence is not sufficient to guide physical therapist intervention for acutely ill individuals in the ICU.
The purposes of this case series were to 1) describe safety and feasibility of participation in physical therapy intervention for individuals with ICU-acquired weakness who required MV for at least 7 days, and 2) characterize the examination and intervention procedures with sufficient detail that clinicians can implement a similar strategy.
Methods
Participants
From March 2008 to February 2009, 27 patients admitted to the ICU were prospectively enrolled in a pilot study to determine safety and feasibility of physical therapy intervention for patients with ICU-acquired weakness and to characterize PT management and patient outcomes. Participants were excluded if they were younger than 18 years or had any of the following: preexisting peripheral nervous system disease, cortical or brainstem lesion, fewer than two limbs in which strength could be tested, a language barrier that limited comprehension, acute myocardial infarction within the last 3 weeks, unstable angina, or history of concerning arrhythmias. This study was approved by the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained for all participants prior to any procedures.
Twenty seven participants or their family members gave consent to participate in this study (Figure 1). Of these, 22 received an initial examination, 19 met the criteria for ICU-acquired weakness and 3 did not because they had Medical Research Council (MRC) scores of ≥48 out of 60 (indicating they did not have weakness; see below).1, 18-20 The 19 remaining participants were included in this case series.
Flow of participants through the stages of the study
Initial Medical Examination
Muscle strength for 6 bilateral muscle groups was rated from 0 (no palpable contraction) to 5 (full force production) using the MRC scoring system.18 The muscle groups tested were shoulder and elbow flexors, wrist extensors, hip flexors, knee extensors, and ankle dorsiflexors for a total possible score of 60.18 The MRC scoring system has been validated and is reliable in individuals with both peripheral and central nervous system dysfunction as well as those with critical illness.18-20 A sum score of 48 is used to screen for ICU-acquired weakness.1,19,20
Evidence of delirium was determined by the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU).21 The CAM-ICU detects delirium in ICU patients on MV. It uses nonverbal tasks including picture recognition, vigilance task, simple yes/no logic questions and simple commands to assess the presence or absence of delirium.22
Illness severity, organ failure, and muscle strength were assessed at study enrollment by the treating physician, using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluations (APACHE) II, the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and the MRC score. The APACHE II consists of 12 physiology ratings plus age and chronic health status. Scores range from 0 – 71, with higher scores indicating greater severity of illness.15 Each three point increase in the APACHE II is associated with an increase in hospital mortality.16The SOFA is a six item scale of organ dysfunction. Scores range from 0 – 24 with higher scores indicating greater dysfunction.17 A score of 3 – 4 indicates that at least 2 organs have failed. A score of >15 has a sensitivity of 31% and specificity of 99% for predicting mortality.17
Physical Therapy Procedures
Examination and Evaluation
As soon as participants were able to follow simple motor commands (e.g., open/close your eyes, “look at me”),19 a physical therapist performed an examination as outlined in Table 1. Vital sign responses were monitored throughout the examination. Based on the initial PT examination findings, the physical therapist determined an appropriate plan of care. The decision to begin early and intensive PT was based on medical stability, oxygen saturation, ventilation, and perfusion over the past 24 hours as well as the patient's cognitive ability to participate in the intervention. The elements of the plan of care were based on the participants's specific functional ability, areas of weakness, and mental status.
Physical Therapy Examination Procedures
Decisions regarding intensity of PT treatment and treatment progression were based on physiological status (e.g., vital signs, oxygen saturation) as well as the participants's strength, functional abilities, and self-reported fatigue. This strategy, referred to as ‘response-dependent management’, is an important aspect of PT management for patients in the ICU.25 Response-dependent management refers to assessing physiological responses to increasing exercise/activity demands and using those data to determine whether to increase intensity of treatment, decrease the intensity, or terminate treatment. Using this strategy, the physical therapist can appropriately challenge patients with high levels of medical acuity. Thus, the likelihood of “over or under prescribing” is lessened.25
Implementation of PT examination and intervention took place in a team setting, including a physical therapist, nurse, respiratory therapist, and physician. The PT intervention required frequent communication with the nursing staff to determine which lines/tubes could be temporarily disconnected for mobility. The physical therapists managed the ventilator tubing but did not alter any settings.
PT Intervention
The primary components of the PT intervention included education, positioning, respiratory techniques, therapeutic exercise, and functional mobility retraining (see Table 2). PT was provided 5 times per week with a target of 30 minutes per session. For patient safety, a second person was available to assist with lines/tubes and for functional mobility. Guidelines for early termination of treatment sessions included participant reports of fatigue and physiological responses (e.g., hemodynamic instability, and/or declining pulmonary status). A protocol to handle adverse events was established; the physical therapist would terminate treatment, notify other members of the medical team, and complete an adverse event form. Adverse events were defined as desaturation less than 80%, systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or > 200 mm Hg, fall to the floor, inadvertent extubation, or inadvertent removal of lines/tubes.
Physical Therapy Intervention Techniques
Based on participant tolerance and strength, the PT intervention proceeded from activities in supine, to sitting, and then standing. The first intervention session focused on breathing, passive and active range-of-motion exercise (ROM) in supine and side lying. Depending on the participant's strength and endurance, functional activities also were initiated on day one (e.g., bed mobility, sitting, transfers). As activity tolerance improved, functional training increased. Criteria for progressing participants within or across sessions were based on the clinician's judgment of the participant's physiological response (e.g., oxygen saturation, HR, and blood pressure), neuromuscular and cognitive status, and participant subjective report of fatigue.
Outcome Measures
Outcomes were assessed using the following measures: Three tasks from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) item scores, Five Time Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), Timed Up and Go (TUG), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), Manual Muscle Test (MMT) summary scores, and discharge destination. The MMT-summary score was used rather than the MRC score because the MMT has the potential to pick up small but meaningful change in patients with ICU-acquired weakness.
Three functional tasks (bed mobility, transfers, and gait) were scored using components from the FIM27-30which scores activities from 1 (total assist) to 7 (completely safe and independent). Although the total FIM has excellent reliability and validity, 27-30 the reliability of individual item scores has not been established. However, the total FIM contains items that often cannot be assessed in an ICU setting (e.g., chair and toilet transfers). A total score typically cannot be given; therefore other authors have similarly quantified the ratings for functional mobility tasks relevant for persons in the ICU.5,6
Tests of activity and balance included the FTSST, TUG, and the 2MWT. For the FTSST test, participants are asked to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as possible and the time required to complete the task is recorded. This test has established reliability,31,32 moderate discriminate properties for identifying individuals at risk for balance dysfunction and history of falls.33,34 For older subjects (age > 60 years) a cutoff point of 14.2 seconds reflects a 87% sensitivity and a 84% specificity for balance dysfunction.35 For individuals younger than 60 years old the cutoff point of 10 seconds has a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 84% for predicting balance dysfunction.3
The TUG is a reliable and valid test evaluating a person's ability to rise from a chair, walk three meters, turn, and return to the sitting position.36 For community-dwelling elderly, TUG times of greater than 14 seconds correlates to increased fall risk with sensitivity (87%) and specificity (87%) for identifying individuals who fall.36,37 Times of <10 seconds for healthy community-dwelling women 20-80 have been reported.38 The 2MWT is commonly used to assess functional capacity and rehabilitation outcomes in a range of populations and especially in individuals with cardiac and pulmonary conditions.39-41 The 2MWT correlates with the more familiar 6MWT (r=0.94) and has high inter-rater reliability. 41 Manual muscle test (MMT) 42 was used to quantify strength for six upper extremity and seven lower extremity muscle groups (see Table 1). Reliability of MMT ranges from r=0.98 (shoulder flexion) to r=0.63 (knee flexion).43-45
Analysis
Outcomes were characterized using median scores, ranges, and frequency. For MMT, data are presented as median scores to characterize the groups (an average MMT score [MMT-summary] was calculated for each participant for the six upper extremity and 7 lower extremity muscle groups that were tested).
Results
Characteristics of the Sample
Median age of the 19 participants was 48 years (range 29-77). Ten of the participants (53%) were female (Table 3). Prior to hospitalization, all participants lived independently; four (21%) used home oxygen. Twelve participants (63%) were admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) while 6 (32%) were admitted to the Surgical ICU (SICU). The most common admitting diagnoses were sepsis 6 (32%) and ARDS 5 (26%).
Participant Baseline Characteristics
The median APACHE II and SOFA score for the cohort were 15.5 and 6 respectively. At baseline, 12 (63%) of participants demonstrated delirium as determined by the CAM-ICU rating scale.21 The median number of hospital days at study enrollment was 13, and on average, PT was initiated two days after study enrollment. The median number of days on MV was 9 at both study enrollment and initiation of PT. Baseline MRC scores are shown in Table 3.
The individual participant's MMT-summary scores ranged from 1- 3.5, median score of 2.5, indicating sufficient weakness to preclude independent function. FIM scores ranged from 1- 4, with a median score of 2, indicating participants required maximal assistance. No participants were able to complete the higher level functional tests (e.g., TUG, FTSST, and 2MWT) at the time of baseline testing.
PT Interventions
On average, the PT sessions were implemented 5 times per wk with a mean duration of 30 minutes. Specific treatments, the number of participants who received each treatment, and the total number of treatments (are illustrated in Figure 2). Seventeen patients (89%) participated in basic functional activities. Thirteen patients (68%) received education related to airway clearance and pacing of respiratory rate, and 8 patients (42%) engaged in gait training.
Frequency of application of the specific interventions
With regard to feasibility, a total of 170 PT sessions were administered without any adverse events. Only 20 sessions (12%) were stopped before 30 minutes. The most common reason for terminating a treatment session early was ‘patient reported excessive fatigue’ (reported by 3 of the participants for a total of 10 sessions). For these three participants, we examined age, acuity of illness, time on ventilation, total hospital days, and muscle strength. No consistent pattern accounted for their frequent reports of fatigue. Indeed, some participants with the greatest weakness were able to complete all of the PT intervention sessions. Other reasons for terminating treatment sessions early included: patient refusal, and patient unable to respond to commands (2 each), and patient confusion, heart rate >160 bpm, and systolic BP drop of >20 mm Hg (1 each).
Outcomes and Discharge
Baseline and discharge status for strength and FIM scores for the 19 participants is summarized in Table 4. Seventeen participants survived to hospital discharge. Eleven survivors (65%) were discharged to another level of care, and six (35%) were discharged home. To further describe the sample, the data were stratified by those who were discharged home and those who went to another level of care (i.e., long term acute care or acute rehabilitation). Participants who were discharged home showed a trend toward higher initial MMT-summary and FIM scores. At initial examination, the participants discharged home were very similar to those discharged to another level of care (Table 5). However, at the time of hospital discharge those who went home were stronger (MMT-summary) and functioned with less assistance than those who went to another level of care.
Outcome Data at Baseline and Discharge
Outcome Measures According to Discharge Destination
Changes over time also differed for the two groups. Individuals who went home had a median (range) study duration of 14.5 (7-30) days with a 2.5 to 5-point change in the FIM subscales and a 2-point improvement on the MMT. Individuals discharged to another level of care participated for a median (range) duration of 15 (7-30) days with a 1- to 2-point change on the FIM subscales and less than a 1-point change on the MMT (Tab. 5). Median total hospital days also differed for the two groups (28.5 and 22 respectively), although the range of days was comparable.
Only a few participants could perform higher level balance and functional tests at discharge. Four participants performed the FTSST; of these, one was discharged home and three were discharged to another level of care. One participant who was discharged home was able to perform the TUG and 2MWT. By the time of hospital discharge, 8 (47%) of the participants were able to walk. Of these, 6 (35%) were discharged home and 2 (12%) were discharged to another level of care.
Discussion
This case series describes safety and feasibility of PT intervention for patients with ICU-acquired weakness who required MV for at least 7 days. A total of 170 treatment sessions were implemented without any adverse events. This finding is similar to reports of other investigators,4,5,14 suggesting that the safety criteria implemented in this study and by others are appropriate. Furthermore, the intervention was well tolerated by the patients with only 12% of sessions terminated early. Based on the severity of illness, it was anticipated that some treatment sessions would be stopped early. It was surprising that so few participants needed to stop the treatment early.
Three participants accounted for the majority of the sessions that were stopped early. We found no consistent pattern explaining the early fatigue. Possibly the sample size was too small. Possibly, other issues contributed to the experience of these participants (e.g., depression, low motivation). Importantly, those participants with the greatest weakness did not preferentially require early termination of the intervention. One possible explanation was that the treatments were tailored to each participant, based on his or her physiological capability, and progressed according to moment-to-moment responses. These findings suggest that physical interventions can be implemented even with the weakest and most critically ill individuals.
The majority of participants were substantially limited in their ability to perform functional activities as indicated by a baseline median FIM score of 2 on three tasks: bed mobility, transfers and gait. Several higher level measures of balance and function also were used, however only a small number of participants were able to complete these additional tests by the time of hospital discharge. An alternative measure, the Physical Function ICU Test (PFIT)47-48, was made available after the beginning of this investigation. The PFIT includes 4 items: amount of assistance for sit to stand, strength for shoulder flexion and knee extension, marching in place, and an upper extremity endurance task of arm elevation to 90° shoulder flexion.47-48 This tool can be used clinically as an outcome measure and to guide exercise prescription. Future investigations may find it of benefit to include the PFIT as an outcome measure.
The PT interventions were similar to those in a recent report of PT practice in the US during acute care.49Early in the case series, respiratory interventions were underutilized (Figure 2). However based on an understanding of the effect of MV on the diaphragm, it is clear that the respiratory system is likely affected and should be examined and treated. Specifically, after 18 hours of MV, Type I and Type II muscle fiber atrophy occurs along with contractile tissue dysfunction.50 Participants in this case series required MV for at least 7 days. Furthermore, three individuals had a co-morbid diagnosis of COPD with probable chronic changes of the diaphragm mechanics.51-52 The impact of respiratory interventions to assist with clearance and management of secretions, pacing of respiratory rate, and to decrease reliance on accessory muscles of breathing should be examined in future investigations.26 In this pilot study, only 13 participants received at least one session containing direct respiratory interventions. However, for patients on prolonged MV, we recommend screening the respiratory system to determine whether intervention is warranted.
Two physical therapists were available to implement each PT treatment session if needed, although most sessions were conducted with only one physical therapist. This contrasts with other mobility protocols used by Bailey4 and Morris,14 that used at least three people (RN, PT, CNA/Tech, RT) per treatment session. The lack of adverse events in our study suggests that PT interventions typically can be implemented with one (and occasionally two) individuals, making such interventions more feasible and realistic for widespread implementation.
Treatments started with participants in the supine position, and progressed to sitting and then to standing in this study and in other investigations.4,5,14 However, this progression may underestimate the patient's actual capacity. By fatiguing the patient during the least demanding tasks, it may not be possible to practice the more demanding and functionally relevant tasks. Therefore, it may be appropriate to begin the intervention with the more challenging and functionally meaningful tasks. Denehy and colleagues47-48 developed such a protocol in which patients perform the most demanding task firsts (e.g., marching in place). As time allowed, they proceeded to exercises that required less effort (e.g., supine activities). There are merits to both approaches and there is insufficient evidence to determine which is more efficacious.
Critically ill individuals clearly can tolerate earlier mobilization than typically occurs, potentially resulting in improved patient outcomes. Due to the extent of these patients' medical complexity, a team approach is necessary, including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and physical therapists. Each professional brings his or her own expertise and perspective. Together the team can arrive at the best decisions regarding safe and effective interventions. Furthermore, when implementing physical interventions, the physical therapist needs to be aware of the full medical condition and findings from all other members of the team.
It is important to establish which participants are likely to benefit from early, aggressive physical intervention. As a first step to making this determination, and to set the stage for future investigations, we stratified the data according to those participants who were discharged home versus those who required further inpatient care. It was not possible to predict discharge destination of participants in each group based on physical function or MMT at baseline. It will be important to examine a variety of other indicators in a larger data set to determine whether it is possible to predict ultimate discharge destination.
With respect to patients discharged to settings other than the home, those in this investigation required more assistance for bed mobility and transfers and were non-ambulatory at initial assessment. This contrasts with data of Bailey et al14 as on average their patients ambulated within 1-2 days after respiratory ICU admission and walked more than 100 feet by day 3. Strength was not reported, but one can infer that they must have had greater than 3 muscle grade for lower extremity strength based on ability to walk. In the study by Schweickert and Hall,5 by the time of hospital discharge, 62% of patients in the treatment group and 40% of patients in the standard of care group did not require physical assistance for ambulation. In contrast approximately 32% of our cohort were ambulatory without physical assist (FIM level 5-7) at hospital discharge. However, Schweickert and Hall's cohort of patients required less time on MV, and PT was initiated on day 3 of MV. In contrast, on average our sample started PT nine days after MV, which may reflect a greater level of medical acuity.
When we compared characteristics of participants at discharge who went home with those who were discharged to another level of care, it appeared that the latter patients had greater weakness and were more limited functionally. The sample size in this investigation was too small to characterize the relationship between strength and functional limitations; however this issue should be evaluated in a larger study. It is important to note that many of the participants who were discharged home still had significant activity limitations and weakness. From reports by Herridge7, Heyland, 8 and Fletcher,11 participants surviving critical illness and/or ARDS continue to demonstrate limitations in function one year and some up to five years after discharge.
Future studies are needed which clearly characterize participants to establish characteristics of those participants who will benefit most from early, aggressive physical intervention; predictors for those who will be discharged home; how long weakness and functional loss persist among those discharged home; and how long physical intervention should continue.
Limitations
Several limitations should be acknowledged including the small sample size, lack of control group, floor effect of function and balance measures, and the unblinded assessors. Nevertheless, the findings provide important preliminary insight into participants' functional ability, strength and willingness to participate in PT while in the ICU. Furthermore, findings from this cohort were used to establish protocols for a large randomized controlled trial currently underway (NIH # NR-11051).
In summary, early activity, mobilization, and PT was safe and feasible for a cohort of participants with ICU-acquired weakness who were mechanically ventilated for 7 or more days. Although this study is preliminary and qualitative, it appears that patients who survive critical illness tolerate PT well and may require additional rehabilitation after hospital discharge. It is now imperative that future studies investigate the most efficacious types of PT, which includes identifying the most appropriate examination and outcome tools and defining optimal frequency and duration of intervention, both during hospitalization and after discharge home or to other levels of care.
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