Effects of muscle stretching exercises in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a systematic review☆
Suélem Barros de Lorena*a, Maria do Carmo Correia de Limaa, Aline Ranzolina, Ângela Luiza Branco Pinto Duartea
aUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
Objective:
this study has the objective to systematize scientific evidences about the use of muscle stretching exercises in the treatment of FM.
Methodology:
it was performed from retrospective research without chronological and linguistic limits, at databases of MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and PEDro, as well as at PubMed search tool. Data collection was performed by two independent reviewers in October 2012, with the search strategy formulated by crossing descriptors and relevant terms to the topic in English, Portuguese and Spanish languages. Randomized clinical trials, only with patients with a clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia and muscle stretching exercises as a therapeutic measure at least in one of the intervention groups were included. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using PEDro scale and their references analyzed to highlight additional sources. The search amounted to an average of 6,794 items. Only five articles were selected, one being excluded because of its low methodological quality. Pain was assessed unanimously. The method and timing of interventions varied widely, there was poor mention of the parameters used in the stretches and absence of specific physical examinations.
Results:
there was significant improvement in all studies regarding pain, besides as related to quality of life and physical condition.
Conclusion:
it is clear the importance of muscle stretching in the treatment of FM, however, there is a need for further studies to establish the real benefits of the technique, because the majority of published studies shows low methodological quality and there is a lack of standardization regarding the use of this resource.
Key words: Fibromyalgia; Stretching; Physiotherapy
INTRODUCTION
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a rheumatic syndrome of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in women aged 30-55 years.1 It is characterized by a chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain, with greater than three months duration, causing physical and emotional problems interfering directly in functional capacity and quality of life.2The diagnosis is based on the clinical condition of the patient,3 and the treatment advocates pain control through global strategies of an interdisciplinary approach, with interventions in physical, pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral and educational spheres.1,4
Acting directly in the physical domain of FM patients, physiotherapy, a professional modality consisting of an arsenal of techniques responsible for breaking the vicious cycle of symptoms characteristic of chronic patients, deserves to be highlighted.4-6 Scientific evidence shows that cinesiotherapeutic exercises minimize pain, fatigue and muscle tension, improving levels of stress, anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia patients, when performed on a regular basis and under monitorization.7,8
The stretching exercises, in turn, allow functional muscle length recovery, providing stress relief, postural realignment and improvement in amplitude, as well as freedom and awareness of movement.9,10 However, although extensively used in physical therapy clinical routine by being easy to perform and tolerate, there does not seem to exist?? a consensus on the more suitable stretching type, frequency and intensity for the treatment of patients with FM.4,7
Thus, the aim of this article is to systematize the scientific evidence on the use of muscle stretching exercises in the treatment of FM.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A systematic literature review was performed from a retrospective consultation with no chronological and linguistic limits, to Literature Analysis and Retrieval Medical System Online (MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases, as well the search engine PubMed. The papers’ collection was held in October 2012, with the search strategy formulated by crossing of descriptors (DeCS and MmeSHs) and terms relevant to the subject (free terms – FT), in English, Portuguese and Spanish idioms.
On Medline, LILACS, SciELO and PEDro, the following crossings: "Fibromyalgia" (DeCS) AND "Stretching" (FT) OR "Muscle stretching exercises" (DeCS) OR "Flexibility" (FT) OR "physiotherapy "(DeCS) OR" Physical Therapy Modalities" (DeCS) OR "Exercise"(TL) OR "Rehabilitation" (DeCS) were used. On PubMed, the articles were obtained from the crossing between "Fibromyalgia" (MeSH) AND "Stretching" (FT) OR "Muscle stretching exercises" (MeSH) OR "Flexibility" (FT) OR "Range of motion, articular" (MeSH) OR "Physical Therapy" (FT) OR "Physical Therapy Specialty" (MeSH) OR "Physical Therapy Modalities" (MeSH) OR "Exercise [major]" (MeSH) OR "Rehabilitation" (MeSH).
RCTs composed only by patients with clinical diagnosis of FM and presenting muscle stretching exercises as a therapeutic measure in at least one of the intervention groups were included. The search and selection of articles, as well as the analysis of results, were judiciously performed by two independent reviewers. Initially, articles were excluded by title, followed by summary and, finally, by full reading of the study.
The studies which met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality using PEDro scale11,12consisting of 10 questions about the study, with a total score of 0-10 points. Surveys with < 3 points were excluded, for showing low methodological quality and with few possibilities of extrapolating their results to clinical practice. The references at the end of selected articles were analyzed in order to highlight additional sources.
Due to the small number of clinical trials on the subject and the large variability among the proposed interventions, a critical review analysis of the contents, with no possibility of a statistical analysis by meta-analysis, was performed. The relevant information was presented in the form of descriptive tables, considering the following variables: year, country, sample, evaluated outcomes/assessment tools, methodological design, intervention and effects found.
RESULTS
The search in databases totaled an average of 6,794 items, with the largest number of studies found through MEDLINE via BIREME (n = 3,068) and PubMed (n = 3,181). According to eligibility criteria, only five articles were selected, and that by Bressan et al. (2008)13 was excluded because of its low methodological quality (PEDro scale = 2). As a final result, four articles, presented in chronological order in Table 1 and methodologically evaluated according to Table 2, were analyzed.
Table 1 Description of randomized clinical trials that use muscle stretching exercises as physical therapy intervention in the treatment of fibromyalgia.
| Study | Sample | Outcomes evaluated | Methodological study | Intervention | Effects found |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (McCain, 1986)14Canada | Mean age: 42 years Groups: EG: Cardiovascular training (n = 12 ♀ and 6 ♂) PG: Stretching (n = 16 ♀) | Pain: - Dolorimetry ofChattillon to assess pain threshold on five specific points (TP +); - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); - Diagram of pain. Fitness test: - PWC-170 Cycle Test. | Randomized clinical trial; reviews pre/post-intervention of 20 weeks. | Improvement in all the aspects evaluated in both groups, with higher gains obtained in the cardiovascular training group. | |
| (Jones et al | Mean age: 48 years Groups: EG: Strengthening (n = 28 ♀) CG: Stretching (n = 28 ♀) | Pain: - Dolorimetry of Fisher to assess the number of positive tender points (TP +) and pain threshold (PT); - Total score of PT; - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Quality of life: - Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ); - Quality of life scale (QOLS). Depression: - Beck Depression Questionnaire. Anxiety: - Beck Anxiety Questionnaire. Self-efficacy: - Arthritis Self-efficacy Scale. Muscle force: - Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee flexors and extensors and internal and external shoulder rotators with an isokinetic dynamometer. Flexibility: - Functional testing of internal and external shoulder rotators. Body composition: - Fat (caliper); - Weight (kg). | Randomized clinical trial; Reviews 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after 12-week intervention. | ||
| (Matsutani et al | Mean age: 45 years Groups: EG: Stretching/Laser (n = 10 ♀) CG: Stretching (n = 10 ♀) | Pain: - Dolorimetry of Fisher to assess the number of positive tender points positive (TP +); - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Quality of life: - Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ); - SF-36. | Randomized clinical trial; reviews pre/post-5-week intervention. | Improvement in all aspects evaluated, with no difference between the intervention groups. | |
| (Berssaneti & Marques, 2010)10Brazil | Mean age: 46 years Groups: EG1: Stretching (n = 14 ♀) EG2: Strengthening (n = 16 ♀) CG: No treatment (n = 14 ♀) | Pain: - Dolorimetry of Fisher to assess pain threshold on tender points (PT) and number of positive tender points (TP +); - Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Symptoms: - Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ). Quality of life: - SF-36. Flexibility: - 3rd finger-floor Test (3FF). Muscle force: - Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of the knee flexors and extensors with load cell (EMG System of Brazil). | Randomized clinical trial; reviews pre/post-12-week intervention. | GE: educational guidelines in 24 general exercise sessions, lasting 40 minutes and biweekly frequency, in which: EG1: initially 3 sets of 30 seconds, increasing monthly until 5 series; medium intensity of discomfort. EG2: 1 set of 8 reps initially unloaded, with addition of 0.5 kg weekly, since the patient presents Borg Scale = 13. CG: Patient revised after 12 weeks, without intervention. |
♀, female gender; ♂, male gender; EG, experimental group; PG, placebo group; CG, control group; bpm, beats per minute.
Table 2 Methodological classification of studies selected by the PEDro Scale.
| McCain (1986)14 | Jones et al | Matsutani et al | Berssaneti & Marques (2010)10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Inclusion criteria specified | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 2 Random allocation | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 3 Secrecy in allocation | No | No | No | No |
| 4 Basis comparison | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Subjects "blinded" | Yes | No | No | No |
| Therapists "blinded" | No | No | No | No |
| 7 Raters "blinded" | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| 8. Adequate follow-up | No | Yes | No | No |
| 9 Analysis by intention to treat | No | No | No | No |
| 10 Statistical comparison between groups | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| 11 Point estimates and variability | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| PEDro TOTAL SCORE | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
OBS.: Specification of the inclusion criteria (item 1) does not receive PEDro scores.
DISCUSSION
Analyzing the results obtained by the search strategy, we observed a higher concentration of studies in the 2000s;10,15,16 there is only one publication in the year 1986.14 It is worth noting that all investigations were conducted in North American14,15 and South American countries,10,16 and the pioneer14 research was published in Canada, the host country of the 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, also held in the year 198617 from this meeting, discussions about improving quality of life worldwide were initiated, due to the broadening of the concept of health and the identification of an ever growing aging population.17,18
Given the changing epidemiological profile of the population, an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases is observed, resulting in a need for research considering therapeutic approaches consistent with the new reality.18In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology published diagnostic criteria for FM19 and strengthened researches on the syndrome in the Americas, with the consolidation of groups of researchers on the subject, as could be seen in this review, with the selection of two items developed by the same authors in São Paulo, Brazil.10,16
Only the studies of Jones et al. (2002)15 and of Berssaneti & Marques (2010)16 describe the calculation of minimum sample size, established with basis on the variables "isokinetic muscle strength" and "quality of life", respectively. The rules of writing and publication of RCTs, constituents of CONSORT, highlight the importance of determining the sample size for extrapolation of results found.20 Therefore, in our analysis there was no homogeneity with respect to the number of participants.
In contrast, although the authors have defined different age groups in the inclusion criteria of volunteers, the mean age of the samples from analyzed studies corresponded to the middle-aged population, which is consistent with the literature.21-23 These same studies point to a high percentage of women with FM,21-23 a fact also noted in this review, in which men were included only in the study conducted by McCain (1986),14 probably due to the low methodological rigor required in interventional researches developed in the 1980s.
The variable "pain" was the only selected unanimously for the researchers’ hypothesis testing; however, in the study published in 198614 the dolorimetry test to assess pain threshold was performed in a different way, being applied in five specific points, because the diagnosis criteria for FM were established only later, in the 1990s.19There was consensus on the application of FIQ and SF-36 questionnaires for assessment of symptoms and quality of life in fibromyalgia patients; both are validated for the Brazilian population and exhibit good sensitivity and specificity, being reliable and reproducible tools.24,25
The manuscripts reveal a variety of physical tests applied, with the exception of Matsutani et al. (2007);16 these authors, faithful to their purposes, considered adequate to analyze only variables of a subjective character. Among the flexibility tests chosen, Jones et al. (2002)15 were limited to the evaluation of upper limbs through active functional tests of internal and external shoulder rotators; Berssaneti & Marques (2010)16 elected the third finger-floor test,26 widely used in the evaluation of flexibility of the posterior muscles of the trunk and lower limbs, but that requires experience of the evaluator to avoid compensation during its execution, such as opening the tibiotarsal angle or decreasing hip flexion. Constraints on the choice of the test employed can be explained by lack of physical examinations specifically validated for patients with fibromyalgia.
Heterogeneity in intervention times and in the frequency of sessions, as well as in the intensity of exercise, were observed, corroborating previous findings4,7 which reported lack of consensus regarding the application of the therapeutic stretching approach in patients with FM. However, we emphasize the educational contributions incorporated in the methodologies of the studies by Jones et al. (2002),15 Matsutani et al. (2007)16 and Berssaneti & Marques (2010),10 highlighting the need for an awareness of patients, with the aim to increase their adherence to the treatment, and also to obtain some guarantee, to the extent possible, of continuity of therapy.
As for the results found, a statistically significant improvement in almost all parameters evaluated by the analyzed studies in this systematic review was observed. When the stretching exercises were compared to strengthening exercises in the studies by Jones et al. (2002)15 and Berssaneti & Marques (2010),10 or with the use of laser in a phototherapeutic study by Matsutani et al. (2007),16 there was no superiority of benefits among the techniques, confirming that patients with FM need not only an interdisciplinary treatment, but also an approach that encompasses different resources during their therapy.6,7,27
CONCLUSION
Given the above, it is evident the importance of conducting therapeutic exercises for physical and mental improvement in patients with FM. However, we must emphasize the need for clinical trials with greater methodological rigor in order that, in fact, the real benefits of physiotherapy resources used, especially those with muscle stretching exercises, become known.
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☆
Institution: Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
Received: March 16, 2014; Accepted: August 17, 2014
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