domingo, 26 de abril de 2015

Yoga for Rheumatic Conditions: Potential Physical, Cognitive and Affective Advantages
Matthew C Sullivan BA, Elena Manning BS and Raveendhara R Bannuru*
Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis, Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Keywords
Yoga for rheumatic conditions; Potential physical; Cognitive and affective advantages
Musculoskeletal diseases, including conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia, are among the leading causes of pain and disability worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of 810 million in 2010 [1]. In 2005, it was estimated that nearly 27 million US adults have clinical osteoarthritis (OA), a number which is likely to increase significantly in the next 20 years as the proportion of adults over 65 years of age rises [2]. Arthritis and other rheumatic conditions represent the most common cause of disability in the US [3]. Most of these rheumatic conditions do not have effective disease modifying treatments; furthermore, commonly used pharmacological treatments are expensive and are associated with significant adverse events [4]. These chronic, debilitating conditions can also alter psychological well-being in affected individuals. Thus, rheumatic conditions pose a major public health concern.
Physical exercise interventions that build strength, increase range of motion, and provide aerobic activity have been widely studied and supported for the maintenance treatment of disabling rheumatic conditions [4,5]. These interventions include a broad range of regimens with varying practical benefits [6]. As with conventional exercise interventions, yoga has been found to have significant benefits for reducing chronic pain and related disability [7]. Studies conducted in individuals with OA, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), also suggest efficacy among rheumatic populations (Table 1).
Yoga interventions in western complementary medicine are distinct from other modes of physical activity due to their composite mental and physical components. Although variations exist among yoga interventions, yoga typically consists of a combination of physical postures, breathing techniques, and a state of concentration on the moment-to-moment present, otherwise known as mindfulness. As with other forms of physical exercise, yoga—in particular the “asana” body positioning component-has been found to increase physical flexibility, balance, and strength [8]. However, in addition to these suggested functional benefits, the breathing and meditation components of yoga may also help to increase awareness and decrease stress [9]. Mindfulness-the increased awareness of one’s emotions and pain symptoms-is the goal of numerouspsychotherapeutic and mind-body interventions for chronic pain. Such approaches aim to increase acceptance of-and habituation to-pain, in order to reduce unsuccessful attempts to control or avoid the pain [10]. Applied in chronic pain management, mindfulness-based techniques have been found to be associated with significantly decreased pain symptoms and increased emotional and physical functioning, both in OA and in other chronic pain conditions [11,12]. Furthermore, yoga has been found to be associated with improvements in autonomic regulation, including decreases in anxiety and blood pressure, and improved metabolic regulation [13].
Given that individuals with OA and RA often suffer from co-morbid depression and anxiety symptoms, a physically active regimen that also provides cognitive and emotional benefits may be especially effective for reducing disability and improving quality of life in such individuals [14,15]. In a recent meta-analysis of yoga for depression, yoga was found to significantly reduce depressive symptoms relative to control interventions [16]. Furthermore, for individuals with fibromyalgia, yoga was found to reduce pain symptoms, increase mindfulness, and decrease cortisol levels in a recent prospective cohort study [17]. Considering the potential of yoga interventions to increase physical functioning and decrease cognitive, affective, and autonomic symptoms in this large clinical population, future research should be directed at determining the efficacy and feasibility of yoga interventions in rheumatic individuals with co-morbid clinical depression and anxiety.
Because patient attitudes regarding yoga are not fully understood among patients with rheumatism, patient interest in yoga practices should also be investigated in this clinical subpopulation. Although exercise interventions can confer significant benefits for arthritisrelated pain and disability, noncompliance may hamper the potential effectiveness of such treatments. Previous research has indicated that yoga is commonly used among patients with rheumatic diseases; the 2002 National Health Interview Survey found that such patients were 1.56 times more likely to have engaged in yoga in the past year than the general population [18]. Since studies of yoga have suggested potential benefits for rheumatic disorders, this practice may have particularly strong appeal if it is found to be preferentially capable of eliciting and maintaining patient adherence [12,19].
Considering the increased rate of yoga use among those with rheumatic conditions, in addition to its potential somatic, autonomic, and emotional health benefits, further research is warranted in this clinical population to substantiate these preliminary findings. Though this alternative treatment regimen may not be suited for all individuals with rheumatic disorders, yoga’s distinctive mindfulness component may hold particular value for certain subgroups of rheumatic patients, including clinically depressed or anxious individuals. Because the current evidence supporting yoga for rheumatic conditions relies largely on the findings of small trials of poor methodological quality, future research should strive to replicate preliminary findings in larger, well-randomized trials [19]. These trials should aim to identify clinical subpopulations that may be particularly likely to maintain yoga and benefit from its meditational components. Furthermore, contemporary yoga practices may need to be adapted to fit the specific needs of the predominately elderly individuals who suffer from rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis. Most rheumatic conditions lack effective disease modifying treatments, and commonly used treatment alternatives are associated with considerable safety concerns. This poses a major challenge in treating the many individuals with rheumatic conditions in addition to co-morbid physical and psychological health conditions. Given the interrelated mechanical and psychological components of chronic musculoskeletal pain, yoga may serve as a valuable adjunctive therapy for improving physical function, mental wellness, and overall quality of life among individuals with rheumatic disease.
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